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Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
The concept of linguistic relativity concerns the relationship between language and thought, specifically whether language influences thought, and, if so, how. This question has led to research in multiple disciplines—especially anthropology, cognitive science, linguistics, and philosophy. Among the most popular and controversial theories in this area of scholarly work is the theory of linguistic relativity (also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis). An often-cited "strong version" of the claim, first given by Lenneberg in 1953, proposes that language structure determines how we perceive the world. A "weaker version" of this claim posits that language structure ''influences'' the world view of speakers of a given language but does not determine it.〔Trask, R.L. (1999). ''Language: The Basics''. London: Routledge.〕
There are two formal sides to the color debate, the universalist and the relativist. The universalist side claims that the biology of all human beings is all the same, so the development of color terminology has absolute universal constraints. The relativist side claims that the variability of color terms cross-linguistically (from language to language) points to more culture-specific phenomena. Because color exhibits both biological and linguistic aspects, it has become a deeply studied domain that addresses the relationship between language and thought.〔Seidner, Stanley S. (1982). ''Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective''. Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguisme Press〕
The color debate was made popular in large part due to Brent Berlin and Paul Kay’s famous 1969 study and their subsequent publishing of ''Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution''.〔Berlin, Brent & Kay, Paul (1969). ''Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution''. Berkeley: University of California Press.〕 Although much on color terminology has been done since Berlin and Kay’s famous study, other research predates it, including the mid-nineteenth century work of William Ewart Gladstone and Lazarus Geiger, which also predates the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, as well as the work of Eric Lenneberg and Roger Brown in 1950s and 1960s.
== Universalist view ==
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